What does the term "fetch" refer to in coastal geography?

In coastal geography, the term "fetch" specifically refers to the distance over which wind has blown across open water. This distance significantly influences wave characteristics; the longer the fetch, the greater the potential for larger and more powerful waves, as winds have more time and area to transfer energy to the water surface.

Understanding fetch is important when studying wave formation and coastal processes. For instance, a long fetch can lead to the development of significant swell that may impact coastal erosion, sediment transport, and the overall energy dynamics of the coastal environment. Factors like wave height and speed are affected by fetch, but those measurements derive from the initial distance of wind action across the water. Hence, the correct answer encapsulates this essential concept of fetch in relation to coastal processes.