What is ecological succession in coastal ecosystems?

Ecological succession refers to the gradual process through which ecosystems develop and change over time. In coastal ecosystems, this typically starts with pioneer species, such as certain grasses or algae, colonizing bare or disturbed areas. This leads to a series of changes in the species composition and community structure as more species establish themselves, often resulting in a more complex and stable ecosystem over time.

During succession, earlier colonizers modify the environment, making it more suitable for other species to thrive. This can include changes in soil composition, nutrient availability, and habitat structure. Ultimately, this process can lead to the establishment of a climax community, which is characterized by a stable and diverse array of species that can sustain itself over time.

While the other options (the sudden disappearance of species, the establishment of human settlements, and the seasonal migration of marine animals) describe various ecological and human impacts on coastal environments, they do not encapsulate the concept of succession. Succession specifically focuses on the progressive changes and development of ecosystems rather than sudden events, static conditions introduced by human activities, or migratory patterns of wildlife.