Which geological process is primarily active at coastal cliffs?

Coastal cliffs are primarily shaped by the process of erosion, which involves the wearing away of rock and soil along the coastline. This process can occur through various mechanisms such as wave action, hydraulic pressure, and abrasion from sediments carried by the waves. As waves crash against the cliffs, they can create undercutting, leading to the collapse of rock and the retreat of the cliff face over time.

Erosion is particularly significant at coastal areas because the relentless energy of the sea can rapidly alter the landscape. This process contributes to the formation of various coastal features, such as caves, arches, and stacks, showcasing the dynamic nature of coastal environments.

While transportation and deposition are also important processes in coastal systems — involving the movement of sediments and the laying down of materials respectively — they play a secondary role compared to erosion in the context of coastal cliffs. Prevailing winds primarily influence processes like longshore drift rather than directly affecting the cliffs themselves.